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--- basic20:combat:start [2012/12/10 00:34] – cedwards
+++ basic20:combat:start [2012/12/10 11:57] (current) – cedwards
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-====== Combat Basics ======
+====== Combat ======
-===== Special Terms =====
+  * [[basics]]
+  * [[armor_class]]
-==== Face ====
+  * [[actions]]
-How much area a character occupies in combat. Face is essentially the border between the square or rectangular space that a character occupies and the space next to it. These faces are abstract, not "front, back, left, and right," because characters are constantly moving and turning in battle. Unless a character is immobile, it practically doesn't have a front or a left side—at least not one that can be identified on the tabletop.
+  * [[modifiers]]
+  * [[cover_and_concealment]]
-==== Flanking ====
+  * [[inflicting_damage]]
+  * [[damaging_objects]]
-If a character is making a melee attack against an opponent, and an ally directly opposite the character is threatening the opponent, the character and the character's ally flank the opponent. A character gains a +2 flanking bonus on the attack roll. A rogue in this position can also sneak attack the target. The ally must be on the other side of the opponent, so that the opponent is directly between the character and the ally.
+  * [[saving_throws]]
+  * [[death_dying_healing]]
-==== Flat-Footed ====
+  * [[condition_summary]]
-At the start of a battle each character is flat-footed. A character can't use a Dexterity bonus to AC (if any) while flat-footed. A flat-footed character can't make attacks of opportunity.
-==== Initiative Check ====
-At the start of a battle, each character makes a single initiative check. An initiative check is a Dexterity check. If two or more characters have the same initiative check result, the characters that are tied act in order of Dexterity (highest first). If there is still a tie, roll dice to break the tie.
-==== Touch Attack ====
-Touch attacks come in two types: melee touch attacks and ranged touch attacks. A character can score critical hits with either type of attack. A character's opponent's AC against a touch attack does not include any armor bonus, shield bonus, or natural armor bonus. The target's size modifier, Dexterity modifier, and deflection bonus (if any) all apply normally.
-===== Size Modifiers =====
-^  Size      ^  AC/Attack Modifier  ^
-| Fine       |  +8  |
-| Diminutive |  +4  |
-| Tiny       |  +2  |
-| Small      |  +1  |
-| Medium     |   0  |
-| Large      |  -1  |
-| Huge       |  -2  |
-| Gargantuan |  -4  |
-| Colossal   |  -8  |
-Apply this modifier to the attack rolls and AC values of characters, unless the value has not already been precalculated to include this modifier.
-===== Combat Sequence =====
-  - The DM determines which characters are aware of their opponents at the start of the battle. If some but not all of the characters are aware of their opponents, a surprise round happens before regular rounds begin. The characters that are aware of the opponents can act in the surprise round, so they roll for initiative. In initiative order (highest to lowest), characters that started the battle aware of their opponents each take a partial action during the surprise round. Characters who were unaware do not get to act in the surprise round. If no one or everyone starts the battle aware, there is no surprise round.
-  - Characters who have not yet rolled initiative do so.
-  - Characters act in initiative order.
-  - When everyone has had a turn, the character with the highest initiative acts again, and steps 4 and 5 repeat until combat ends.
-===== Attacks of Opportunity =====
-==== Threatened Area ====
-A character threatens the area into which it can make a melee attack, even when it is not a character's action. An enemy that takes certain actions while in a threatened area may provoke an attack of opportunity from a character. A small or medium sized character normally has a 5-foot threat radius.  "Reach weapons" and "natural reach" can change the threatened area.
-==== Provoking an Attack of Opportunity by Moving ====
-If a character moves through (not simply into) or out of a threatened area, a character usually provokes an attack of opportunity.
-If all a character does during that character's turn is make a normal move or a double move (not a run), the space that the character started out in is not considered threatened.
-If a character's entire move for the round is 5 feet the 5 foot move does not provoke an attack of opportunity.
-==== Provoking an Attack of Opportunity by Taking an Action ====
-A character taking some kinds actions provokes attacks of opportunity, as described in the rules for each action type.
-==== Making an Attack of Opportunity ====
-An attack of opportunity is a single melee attack, and a character can only make one per round. The character does not have to make an attack of opportunity if the character doesn't want to. The character makes the attack of opportunity at the character's normal base attack bonus.
-===== The Combat Round =====
-Each round represents about 6 seconds in the game world. Anything a person could reasonably do in 6 seconds, a character can do in 1 round.
-When a character's turn comes up in the initiative sequence that character performs his entire round's worth of actions.
-There are no simultaneous actions.  All effects of a character's action fully resolve before the next character acts.  A character cannot split an action to allow another character to act between portions.
-Effects that last a certain number of rounds end just before the same initiative count that they began on.
-===== Attack Roll Modifiers =====
-Use these adjustments whenever a character is making a melee, ranged, full, or other type of attack action.
-^  Table: Attack Roll Modifiers  ^^^
-^ Circumstance                                ^ Melee              ^ Ranged  ^
-| Attacker flanking defender[(:table:>A character flanks a defender when the character has an ally on the opposite side of the defender and that ally threatens the defender)]                 |  +2                |    —    |
-| Attacker on higher ground                   |  +1                |   +0    |
-| Attacker prone                              |  -4                |   [(:table:>Most ranged weapons can't be used while the attacker is prone, but a character can use a crossbow while prone.)]    |
-| Attacker invisible                          |  +2[(:table:>The defender loses any Dexterity bonus to AC.)]             |   +2[(:table:#3)] |
-| Defender sitting or kneeling                |  +2                |   -2    |
-| Defender prone                              |  +4                |   -4    |
-| Defender stunned, cowering, or off balance  |  +2[(:table:#3)]             |   +2[(:table:#3)] |
-| Defender climbing (cannot use shield)       |  +2[(:table:#3)]             |   +2[(:table:#3)] |
-| Defender surprised or flat-footed           |  +0[(:table:#3)]             |   +0[(:table:#3)] |
-| Defender running                            |  +0[(:table:#3)]             |   -2[(:table:#3)] |
-| Defender grappling (attacker not)           |  +0[(:table:#3)]             |   +0[(:table:>Roll randomly to see which grappling character is struck when an attack is made against two or more grappling characters. The character attacked also loses any Dexterity bonus to AC.)]|
-| Defender pinned                             |  +4[(:table:#3)]             |   -4[(:table:#3)] |
-| Defender has cover                          |      See [[#Cover]]      ||
-| Defender concealed or invisible             |       See [[#Concealment]]     ||
-| Defender helpless                           |    See [[#Helpless Defenders]]   ||
-~~REFNOTES table ~~
-===== Helpless Characters =====
-A melee attack against a helpless character gets a +4 circumstance bonus on the attack roll. A ranged attack gets no special bonus. A helpless defender has a Dexterity score of 0.
-===== Two Weapon Fighting =====
-If a normal character (i.e. a character without the multiattack and/or multidexterity feats) wields a second weapon (fights two handed), that character can get one extra attack per round with that weapon. Fighting in this way is very hard, however, and the character suffers a -6 penalty for regular attacks with the first hand and a -10 penalty to the attack with a other hand. A character can reduce these stiff penalties in three ways:
-  * If a character's second weapon is light, the penalties are reduced by 2 each.
-  * The Ambidexterity feat reduces the penalty against the second weapon by 4.
-  * The Two-Weapon Fighting feat reduces both penalties by 2.
-===== Double Weapons =====
-A character can use a double weapon to make an extra attack as if the character were fighting with two weapons. The penalties apply as if the off-hand weapon were light.  If the character does not elect to take the extra attack, the character is not penalized for fighting with two weapons.
-Gaining the extra attack from fighting with two weapons always requires the use of the Full Attack action, even when using a double weapon.
-====== Inflicting Damage ======
-===== Damage Rolls =====
-If the attack roll result equals or exceeds the target's AC, the attack is successful, and the attacker deals damage to the defender. Roll the appropriate damage for the attacker's weapon. The damage is deducted from the target character's current hit points.
-===== Minimum Weapon Damage =====
-If penalties to damage bring the damage result below 1, a hit still deals 1 point of damage.
-===== Fighting with Two Weapons =====
-When a character is fighting with two weapons deals damage with the extra attack, add only one-half of the character's Strength bonus.
-===== Wielding a Weapon Two-Handed =====
-When a character deals damage with a weapon that the character is wielding two-handed, the character adds one and one half times the character's Strength bonus. Light weapons don't get this higher Strength bonus when used two-handed.
-===== Unarmed Strike Damage =====
-An unarmed strike from a Medium-size character deals 1d3 points of damage (with a character's Strength modifier, as normal). A Small character's unarmed strike deals 1d2 points of damage. All damage is subdual damage. Unarmed strikes count as light weapons (for purposes of two-weapon attack penalties and so on).
-===== Dealing Normal Damage =====
-A character can specify that it's unarmed strike will deal normal damage before it makes an attack roll, but the attack suffers a -4 penalty.
-===== Critical Hits =====
-When a character makes an attack roll and gets a natural 20, the character hits regardless of the target's AC, and the character has scored a threat. The hit might be a critical hit (or "crit"). To find out if it's a critical hit, the character immediately makes a critical roll — another attack roll with all the same modifiers as the attack roll the character just made. If the critical roll also results in a hit against the target's AC, the character's original hit is a critical hit. If the critical roll is a miss, then the character's hit is just a regular hit.
-A critical hit means that the attacker rolls for damage more than once, as indicated by the weapon description for the weapon that scored the threat, with all the attacker's usual bonuses, and add the rolls together to get total damage.
-**Exception:** Bonus damage represented as extra dice is not multiplied when a character score a critical hit.
-===== Increased Threat Range =====
-Sometimes a character's threat range is greater than 20. In such cases, a roll below 20 is not an automatic hit. Any attack roll that doesn't result in a hit is not a threat.
-===== Increased Critical Multiplier =====
-Some weapons, deal better than double damage with a critical hit.
-===== Multiplying Damage =====
-Sometimes a character multiplies damage by some factor, such as when a character scores a critical hit. Roll the damage (with all modifiers) multiple times and total the results.
-====== Cover and Concealment ======
-Depending on the situation, a character may gain bonuses or suffer penalties due to cover. The DM judges what bonuses and penalties apply.
-===== Cover =====
-Cover provides a bonus to a character's AC. The more cover a character has, the bigger the bonus.
-^ Table: Cover ^^^
-^ Degree of Cover	^ Cover AC Bonus ^ Cover Reflex Save Bonus ^
-| 1/4         |   +2             |  +1   |
-| 1/2         |   +4             |  +2   |
-| 3/4         |   +7             |  +3   |
-| 9/10        |  +10             |  +4[(:table:>Half damage if save is failed; no damage if successful.)]  |
-| Total       |    —             |  —    |
-~~REFNOTES table~~
-===== Cover and Attacks of Opportunity =====
-An attacker can't execute an attack of opportunity against a character with one-half or better cover.
-===== Cover and Reach Weapons =====
-If a character is using a reach weapon, another character standing between the attacker and the target provides cover to the target. Generally, if both of the other characters are the same size, the one furthest from the attacker has one-half cover (+4 AC).
-===== Degree of Cover =====
-Cover is assessed in subjective measurements of how much protection it offers a character. The DM determines the value of cover.
-===== Cover Reflex Save Bonus =====
-Add this bonus to Reflex saves against attacks that affect an area. For nine-tenths cover, a character also effectively has improved evasion. These bonuses, however, only apply to attacks that originate or spread out from a point on the other side of the cover.
-===== Striking the Cover Instead of a Missed Target =====
-If it ever becomes important to know whether the cover was actually struck by an incoming attack that misses the intended target, the DM should determine if the attack roll would have hit the protected target without the cover. If the attack roll falls within a range low enough to miss the target with cover but high enough to strike the target if there had been no cover, the object used for cover was struck. This can be particularly important to know in cases where a character uses another character as cover. In such a case, if the cover is struck and the attack roll exceeds the AC of the covering character, the covering character takes the damage intended for the target.
-If the covering character has a Dexterity bonus to AC or a dodge bonus, and this bonus keeps the covering character from being hit, then the original target is hit instead. The covering character has dodged out of the way and didn't provide cover after all. A covering character can choose not to apply his Dexterity bonus to AC and/or his dodge bonus, if his intent is to try to take the damage in order to keep the covered character from being hit.
-===== Concealment =====
-Concealment includes all circumstances where nothing physically blocks a blow or shot but where something interferes with an attacker's accuracy.
-^ Concealment	 ^ Example									^ Miss Chance ^
-| One-Quarter	 | Light fog; moderate darkness; light foliage					|  10%  |
-| One-Half	 | Dense fog at 5ft.								|  20%  |
-| Three-quarters | Dense foliage								|  30%  |
-| Nine-tenths	 | Near total darkness								|  40%  |
-| Total		 | Attacker blind; target invisible; total darkness; dense fog at 10 ft.	|  50%  |
-Concealment is subjectively measured as to how well concealed the defender is. Concealment always depends on the point of view of the attacker.
-===== Concealment Miss Chance =====
-Concealment gives the subject of a successful attack a chance that the attacker missed because of the concealment. If the attacker hits, the defender must make a miss chance percentile roll to avoid being struck. When multiple concealment conditions apply to a defender, use the one that would produce the highest miss chance. Do not add the miss chances together.